Why & When Was the Colosseum Built?

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Known in antiquity as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the Colosseum is the most iconic symbol of ancient Rome. Construction began in AD 70–72 under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in AD 80 during the reign of his son, the emperor Titus. 

Nearly two thousand years later, it remains one of the most iconic and studied structures of antiquity, a testament to Roman engineering and ambition. Here’s a short but informative history of its construction, the context of its creation, and how it compares to other ancient landmarks.

Which Emperor Built the Colosseum?

The first of the Flavian emperors, Titus Flavius Vespasianus (or Vespasian, for short) devised the construction of the Colosseum as part of a broader effort to restore public faith in Rome’s governance and boost the popularity of his dynasty after the excesses of his predecessor, Nero.

vespasian-titus-flavius-vespasianus-9-79-14325360

The emperor Vespasian, the man behind building the Colosseum

Why Did Vespasian Build the Colosseum?

Vespasian came to power in the wake of a year of intense civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) in which four Roman generals competed for the imperial throne in quick succession following Nero’s suicide in June, 68 AD. It’s worth briefly summarising what happened that year to give you a sense of how traumatising it was for the Romans — and why they deserved some fun and games at the Colosseum afterwards. 🤗

The Year of the Four Emperors

First, Servius Sulpicius Galba, the aged governor of Spain, began marching on Rome as soon as he sensed Nero was losing support and installed himself as emperor once Nero’s death had been confirmed. Galba’s mistake – aside from being incredibly old – was not to name his right-hand man, Marcus Salvius Otho, as his rightful heir, and so Otho conspired with the Praetorian Guard and had Galba cut down and decapitated in the Roman Forum. Nice. 

The 36-year-old Otho ruled Rome as a kind of Nero tribute act for just three months before his rival, Aulus Vitellius, marched his army south towards Rome, intent on taking the throne. Vitellius met Otho’s depleted forces in battle at Bedriacum (near Cremona, in northern Italy) and easily routed the emperor’s army. Otho, having had a truly shocking Summer of ‘69, duly committed suicide, leaving the throne to Vitellius. But Vitellius’ reign ended up being even more unbearable than Otho’s, driving many of his supporters to back yet another claimant to the throne — the governor of Judea, Titus Flavius Vespasianus, or Vespasian for short.

In October 69, the Romans fought yet another battle at Bedriacum — presumably a lovely site for a spot of slaughter — from which Vespasian emerged victorious. Vitellius returned to Rome to prepare for his abdication, but the swift arrival of Vespasian’s army laid those plans to waste. The doomed emperor tried to flee Rome in disguise but was captured by Vespasian’s men and dragged through the streets with hooks in his flesh, tortured, and killed. His body was thrown into the River Tiber, and Vespasian was named the new emperor. 

And all of this with still five days to go until Christmas!

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The Roman Empire in the Summer of '69. Image Credit: World History Encylopedia

If all of that sounds horrific for the emperors involved, spare a moment’s thought for Rome’s general public. They’d had to endure their men being sent off to battle, witnessing the slaughter of political enemies play out in the streets, seeing one emperor hacked down in the forum, and watching another being chucked into the river. 

Vespasian had his work cut out for him if he was going to show the Romans that his reign would be stable, prosperous, and most importantly peaceful. And so he devised the construction of the largest amphitheatre the ancient world had ever seen as a kind of monumental “sorry for the slaughter, I promise things are going to get better” goodwill gift. 

Where Vespasian Built the Colosseum

The site Vespasian chose for his amphitheatre was also loaded with propagandistic meaning. It stood — or rather still stands — on the former site of an enormous artificial lake belonging to the Golden Palace (domus aurea) of the emperor Nero.

You see, after the Great Fire of Rome (64 AD), Nero appropriated a large swathe of public land that had been destroyed by the blaze and, rather than give it back to the people built himself a vast luxurious residence called the Golden Palace (domus aurea), complete with bronze domes, revolving dining rooms, and even a sprawling woodland. 

Its description by Nero’s ancient biographer Suetonius is worth repeating in full:

Its vestibule was large enough to contain a colossal statue of the emperor a hundred and twenty feet high, and it was so extensive that it had a triple colonnade​ a mile long. There was a pond too, like a sea, surrounded by buildings, which represented cities, ​besides tracts of country, varied by tilled fields, vineyards, pastures and woods, with great numbers of wild and domestic animals. In the rest of the house, all parts were overlaid with gold and adorned with gems and mother-of‑pearl. There were dining rooms with fretted ceils of ivory, whose panels could turn and shower down flowers and were fitted with pipes for sprinkling the guests with perfumes. The main banquet hall was circular and constantly revolved day and night, like the heavens. ​He had baths supplied with sea water and sulphur water. When the edifice was finished in this style and he dedicated it, he deigned to say nothing more in the way of approval than that he was at last beginning to be housed like a human being.

Suetonius, Life of Nero, 31

Reconstruction of Nero's Golden Palace. The Colosseum stood on the site of its artificial lake.

By transforming Nero’s former private lake into a public amphitheatre, Vespasian intended to shift the narrative from imperial indulgence to communal entertainment. His reign, it suggested, would not be one of gratuitous self-indulgence but of selfless public service. And what better service to the people of Rome than to give them the two things they wanted most: panem et circenses (bread and circuses). 

How Long Did It Take to Build the Colosseum?

The Colosseum took an estimated 8 to 10 years to complete, an impressive timeline given its size and complexity and given that today’s Romans have been trying to complete its third metro line since 2014. Standing approximately 50 metres tall and designed to hold 50,000 to 80,000 spectators, the Flavian Amphitheatre was by far the largest amphitheatre of its time.

The construction relied on advanced techniques and materials, including travertine, tufa, and concrete. The efficiency and durability of Roman engineering are evident in the fact that much of the structure has survived despite earthquakes, fires, and centuries of neglect.

Vespasian’s son, Titus, oversaw its completion and officially opened the Colosseum in 80 AD with 100 days of games, including gladiatorial combat and animal hunts. Later, the emperor Domitian, Titus’ brother and the youngest of the Flavian emperors, expanded the structure by adding the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and performers.

➡️ Did the Romans really flood the Colosseum? 

Why Did the Jews Build the Colosseum?

Regarding both the funding and the manpower involved, the Colosseum’s construction was deeply rooted in Rome’s imperial conquests, least of all in the eastern province of Judea. Following Titus’ victory in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD), thousands of Jewish prisoners were enslaved and transported to Rome. 

Visit the Roman Forum, and inside the triumphal Arch of Titus you can see reliefs showing Rome’s legionaries parading through Rome holding Jewish treasures aloft, treasures looted from Jerusalem’s temple during the dying days of the war. Jewish slaves may have played a significant role in building the Colosseum but it was their treasures, including perhaps the menorah, taken as spoils of war that funded its construction. 

Ancient Roman relief carving from Arch of Titus depicting historical treasures and artifacts showcasing Roman Forum archaeological heritage during Carpe Diem Tours Rome historical exploration and cultural education experience

Relief from the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum showing the looting of Jerusalem's treasures

Is the Acropolis Older Than the Colosseum?

Yes, the Acropolis in Athens predates the Colosseum by over 500 years. The Acropolis, which includes the famed Parthenon, was constructed during the 5th century BC as a symbol of Athens' cultural and political power. 

The Acropolis is a little like the light to the Colosseum’s dark: one represents democracy, philosophy, art; the other social stratification, violent spectacle, and ingenious engineering.

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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