The Romulus and Remus Story & The Birth of Roman Rivalry

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Visit Rome during the derby between its two top-flight football teams (A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio) and you'll be shocked at how rivalries between Rome's citizens can run quite so deep. Many regard Roma vs Lazio as one of the fiercest derbies in world football, with tensions running high in the hours leading up to the match and police massed around the city and its stadium to prevent violence from spilling over.

Rivalries in sports are not uncommon, of course. Yet there is something distinctive, almost deep-rooted, about the rivalry in Rome. When you reflect on Rome's foundation story of Romulus and Remus — where one twin murdered the other just for jumping over his wall — things may start to make sense.

Rome's Trojan Origins

The story of Romulus and Remus takes us back more than 3,000 years, to a time long before the mythical founding of Rome (753 BC) and even further back to ancient Troy.

It all began when a Trojan Paris named Paris abducted Queen Helen of Sparta, having been promised her as a prize for adjudicating a beauty contest between the Olympian Gods. Helen's abduction triggered the famous Trojan War (and the unfortunate movie some 2500 years later), in which the Greeks laid siege to Troy, on the coast of modern-day Turkey, in an attempt to get her back.

For ten long years the Greeks were unsuccessful, until a cunning warrior called Odysseus suggested constructing an enormous wooden horse. The Greeks left this horse outside Troy's walls as an offering of peace (concealing the fact that some of Greece's finest warriors were hidden inside).

Everybody knows what happens next. The Trojans wheel the wooden horse into their city; its occupants open the city's gates; and the Greeks, having breached the city, proceed to slaughter everybody inside. Paris shoots the legendary warrior Achilles in the heel before being shot himself; Odysseus has a ten-year mare trying to get back home to his wife and son; and Helen returns with her husband to Sparta and lives happily ever after without even the slightest hint of awkwardness.

Wait a minute, I hear you ask.

What does all this have to do with Romulus and Remus and the founding of Rome?

Well, one of the few Trojans to escape the burning city was a brave warrior called Aeneas, who carried his aged father and infant son as they fled the smouldering city. Aeneas' journey from Troy to Carthage in Northern Africa and finally the shores of Italy forms the subject of a book called The Aeneid (which is one of the most readable works of Latin literature but is still really pretty dull) which the emperor Augustus commissioned the poet Virgil to write in the first century BC.

According to the story, Aeneas ends up settling in Latium (today's region of Lazio) and having lots and lots of kids with a lovely lady called Lavinia. His great great great great great great great great great great great great (roughly) granddaughter was a woman called Rhea Silvia, the daughter of King Numitor of Alba Longa and the future mother of Romulus and Remus.

All was going well until her uncle Amulius stole the throne, usurping Numitor and forcing poor Rhea to become a Vestal Virgin — ensuring she would have no children who could claim the right to power. But despite the best-laid plans of the devious usurper Amulius, the rowdy Roman gods had other ideas.

The Role of the Gods in the Romulus and Remus' Story

You see, the Greco-Roman gods were notoriously promiscuous and loved nothing more than meddling in the lives of their mortal subjects, especially beautiful young ladies. Jupiter (or Zeus, to the Greeks) was particularly promiscuous. Legend tells of him even transforming himself into a swan to molest a Spartan queen named Leda, raising the very valid question of who would ever want to become a Spartan queen.

Zeus-meme

After her run-in with a rowdy swan, Leda gave birth to twin sons (Castor and Pollux) and twin daughters (Clytemnestra and Helen of Sparta). Presumably, if they took after their father, it was in his human form — either that or Paris of Troy had a swan kink that was beyond the help of any ancient sexual therapist.

Anyway, back to the Romulus and Remus story.

The legend goes that Rhea Silvia was visited by Mars, God of War, one night, who forced himself on her and impregnated her with twins. This left Rhea Silvia in a terrible situation. Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity faced the terrifying punishment of being walled up alive outside the city walls. But since the people of Alba Longa were superstitious, and did not want to anger a figure as formidable as Mars the God of War, they decided not to execute her but to imprison her instead.

Not a day had passed since Rhea Silvia had given birth to twins Romulus and Remus when the usurper king Amulius ordered for them to be killed. He entrusted the task to a servant, who took pity on the boys and set them adrift on the River Tiber in a basket. When the river overflowed, the baby twins became stranded on the banks of the river. But a passing she-wolf (lupa, in Latin) came to their rescue. Having recently lost her cubs, the she-wolf nurtured them as her own, suckling them from her teat until they became big and strong and endowing them with a ferocity that would come to define both themselves and their descendants.

At least this is the most popular version of the myth. The thing is, the Latin word lupa means both she-wolf and prostitute (the brothel in Pompeii, for example, is called the Lupanar). This adds a layer of complexity to the story of Romulus and Remus: were they rescued and reared by a wolf or by a practitioner of the world's oldest profession?

Soon Romulus and Remus left the care of the she-wolf and entered the world of men. Raised by the shepherd Faustulus, the brothers quickly gained a reputation for their strength and leadership, gathering a band of followers from among the shepherds and outcasts of the region. Returning to Alba Longa, they became involved in a dispute between supporters of Numitor and Amulius, and Remus was taken prisoner and brought to Alba Longa.

Both his grandfather and the king suspected his true identity. Romulus, meanwhile, had organized an effort to free his brother and set out with help for the city. During this time, they learned of their past, and their mother's subsequent suicide by drowning in the River Tiber, and joined forces with their grandfather to restore him to the throne. Amulius was killed and Numitor was reinstated as King of Alba Longa.

But with their natural charisma and shared ambition, the twins were not content to live out their lives in Alba Longa. Instead they began to dream of founding a city that would be theirs, a place where they could rule and leave a lasting legacy.

A Rivalry Still Felt in Rome

The twins' shared vision, however, led to a rivalry. Both were determined to establish their city, but they couldn't agree on where it should be built. Romulus favoured the Palatine Hill, while Remus preferred the Aventine Hill, and to settle the dispute, they sought a sign from the gods. Each would stand on their chosen hill and look to the skies, believing that the gods would reveal their will through the flight of birds.

Remus was the first to see six vultures circling overhead, and he thought the victory was his. But just as he was about to claim it, Romulus saw twelve vultures above the Palatine Hill. Confident that the gods had favoured him, Romulus began marking out the boundaries of the new city on his chosen hill.

Quite understandably, however, Remus was unwilling to concede. As Romulus worked, Remus mocked the modest beginnings of the city, going so far as to leap over the low wall that Romulus had started to build. This act of defiance was more than just a challenge; it was a direct violation of the sacred space Romulus was creating — a violation that called for retribution.

Romulus Founds Rome on an Act of Fratricide

In a fit of anger, Romulus struck down his brother, killing him on the spot. With Remus dead, Romulus became the sole founder of the city, which he named Rome after himself. The city would grow into one of the most powerful empires the world had ever known, but its origins were forever marked by this fratricide — a grim reminder that even the greatest achievements can be born from violence and tragedy.

So how did a small, stone-age settlement by the River Tiber grow into the ancient world's most powerful civilization? Initially, King Romulus had no one to rule over. Allegedly, he sent out invitations to neighbouring tribes, inviting people to become the first citizens of Rome at a point between the two peaks of the Capitoline Hill called the Asylum (you didn't have to be mad to live there, but it helped).

Romulus declared that anyone who arrived at the Asylum would be granted citizenship, no questions asked. The problem was that such an open invitation didn't do much to attract farmers and families to join this fledgling community. The first citizens of Rome were probably convicts, bandits, and runaway slaves—hardly the kind of people you'd invite to dinner. Yet, they were loyal, courageous, and ambitious. Sometimes, having nothing to lose is the key to success.

However, it’s unlikely that settled farmers and families were eager to join this fledgling community. The first citizens of Rome were convicts, bandits, and runaway slaves: hardly the kind of people you'd invite to dinner. Yet, they were loyal, courageous, and ambitious. Sometimes, having nothing to lose is the key to success.

There was just one problem: all of Rome's inhabitants were men.

For the city to grow, the Romans needed women. Romulus requested intermarriage rights from neighbouring tribes, but they all refused. Frustrated, Romulus devised a plan. He organized a grand festival, possibly on the future site of the Circus Maximus, and invited the neighbouring Sabine tribe as guests. Once the guests were sufficiently inebriated, Romulus gave the signal, and the Roman men carried off the Sabine women. This event, known as the "Rape of the Sabine Women," was later chronicled by Plutarch and has inspired countless works of art and literature.

Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci

The Rape of the Sabine Women by Sebastiano Ricci

Although this act caused considerable tension between the Romans and the Sabines, the women eventually intervened, urging peace between their new husbands and their families. "We are wives and mothers now," they reportedly said, "do not leave us widowed and our children orphaned." And so, ancient Rome was born. It would go on to dominate the entire Mediterranean world, but that is a story for another day.

Romulus & Remus as Justification for Rome's Frequent Civil Wars

Now here's where things get really interesting.

Like many stories from antiquity (The Trojan War; The Odyssey; many episodes from the Old Testament), the Romulus and Remus story formed part of a vast oral tradition, which was 'fixed' only after being committed to paper. The 'fixed' version we have dates from the first century BC and a book called Ab Urbe Condita (Since the Founding of the City [of Rome]) by the historian Titus Livy.

But there were many versions of the Romulus and Remus story in circulation, not all of which accused Romulus of killing his twin. In the Historic Library of Diorodus Siculus (50s BC), for example, Remus does not see any birds from his viewing point on the Aventine Hill and is later killed by Celer, Romulus' worker. In his 5th-century CE City of God, Saint Augustine mentions in passing that Remus was alive after the founding of Rome.

So where did the version that accused Romulus of fratricide come from? And more importantly when?

Livy was writing under the patronage of Rome's first emperor Augustus (reigned 31 BC - 14 CE) who came to power after more than 100 years of almost constant civil war. As Rome's first sole ruler since the legendary Etruscan Kings, Augustus was faced with a delicate task — convincing the Romans, who had a proud republican tradition, to accept his autocratic regime of one-man rule.

Augustus' task was made easier by the fact that Rome was emerging from a terrible period of civil war. This allowed Augustus to portray himself as a quasi-Messiananic figure, ushering in a Golden Age of peace breaking through the clouds of civil conflict. What made this sell much easier was being able to convince the Romans that they were especially prone to civil war: that it ran in their blood. And driving home the message that their founder had committed the quintessential act of civil war — killing his own brother — helped to drive that message home.

Enjoy More Stories Like This on Our Rome Tipsy Tour

The Romulus and Remus story is one of many we share on our popular Tipsy Tour of Rome. This unique tour combines all the best parts of travelling: meeting cool, like-minded people, trying traditional drinks and learning the scandalous stories from the place you're visiting! Our Tipsy Tour is consistently voted one of the best experiences in Rome, but don't just take our word for it: see what guests are saying!

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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