How Accurate is “Conclave”? Exploring the Historical Accuracy of the Hit Movie

Cardinal in red robes during a conclave, possibly in the Vatican.
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The passing of Pope Francis on Easter Monday, April 21st, has thrust Edward Berger’s Oscar-winning thriller Conclave into the centre of the cultural limelight. Starting on May 7th, 135 Roman Catholic cardinals from around the world will convene in the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel to form the conclave that will decide who will become the Church’s next leader. 

This solemn, secretive and politically delicate process, depicted so vividly in the Conclave movie, will last until one candidate receives two-thirds of all cardinals’ votes — the threshold required to be declared Saint Peter’s successor. But just how accurate is Conclave, and how much of what we see on screen truly reflects the real-world papal election process?

**Warning: this article contains spoilers for the movie Conclave**

Conclave Accuracy: What the Movie Gets Right

Academics agree that Conclave provides a pretty accurate reflection of reality. According to Kathleen Sprows Cummings, professor of Catholic Studies from the University of Notre Dame, “the movie did a really good job of balancing the human – people, men who are ambitious, who have very strong feelings about what the church needs – and the Holy Spirit”, which Catholics believe guides proceedings.” 

Bill Cavanaugh from DePaul University agrees, complimenting in particular the mise-en-scène (stage setting and arrangement of actors) of the movie. Indeed, Conclave’s director, screenwriters, and production team meticulously researched the procedures, traditions, and rituals of electing a pope. They recreated the Sistine Chapel at Cinecittà Studios, Rome’s equivalent to Hollywood, with remarkable precision; and while they did not work directly with the Vatican, they consulted numerous cardinals and religious advisers to capture secret traditions, such as the destruction of a pope’s ring after his death.

Here are some key areas where we believe Conclave excels. 

Showing the sequestering and isolation of the electorate

Something Conclave does really effectively is portray the isolation in which the cardinals are kept for the duration of the electoral process. Once a Vatican official utters the Latin extra omnes ("everyone out") in the presence of the assembled cardinals, convention dictates that these cardinals are only allowed to interact with each other.

There are, however, some officials who can act as emissaries on an ad-hoc basis, even if the cardinals themselves cannot leave until a successful ballot is cast (a successful ballot meaning that one cardinal receives two-thirds of the votes and is thereby elected pope).

Capturing the details of the election process

Experts agree that the movie’s portrayal of the mise-en-scène—from the white smoke rising to signal a new pope to the security screenings and ceremonial voting—is extremely authentic. Even the social dynamics between the cardinals, from formal gatherings to casual meals, mirror the real gatherings called the general congregations that occur before a conclave.

How long the conclave lasts

The length of time for which a conclave convenes is dictated by how long it takes for one candidate to receive two-thirds of all votes. While the conclave in the movie lasts around three to four days (in line with the three-to-five-day average typical of modern conclaves), the durations of those throughout history have varied considerably. History’s longest conclave lasted nearly three years (34 months, to be exact) before the election of Pope Gregory X in 1271. The conclave that elected Pope Francis back in 2013, by contrast, lasted just two days (5 ballots). 

Capturing a tense and fraught atmosphere

Another area in which Conclave excels is in showing the trepidation surrounding the characters and personalities of a conclave’s leading candidates. Or as Cavanaugh puts it: “Once you elect somebody, you don’t exactly know who they’re going to turn out to be.” Pope Pius IX, for example, was elected in 1846 as a progressive, but became deeply conservative after being forced to flee Rome by the revolutions of 1848. 

John the 23rd was elected as a peacekeeper in 1958, but ended up calling the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) which modernised the Church for the contemporary society, allowing Mass to be held in local languages, forging a greater role for laypeople, and emphasising the responsibility of the Church in tackling poverty, championing human rights, and fighting for social justice. Even Pope Francis himself surprised many with (relatively) progressive stances on homosexuality and social justice.

Where Conclave Deviates from the Truth

Exaggerated Factionalism

The Conclave movie portrays clear factions among the cardinals, each headed by archetypal characters. Italian Cardinal Goffredo Tedesco (Sergio Castellitto) represents the church’s reactionary conservative wing; Cardinal Aldo Bellini (Stanley Tucci) serves as a figurehead for liberal reform, following on from the path taken by the late pope; and Cardinal Joseph Tremblay (John Lithgow) personifies the politically ruthless, Machiavelian figure within the Catholic church, scheming to publicly humiliate his enemies and buy the votes of allies. 

In reality, the politics of the Catholic Church are far more nuanced. As Bill Cavanaugh points out, cardinals don't fall neatly into progressive or conservative camps. “In general, it’s much more of a mixed bag.”

Fictional plot points

Benitez as the "Cardinal in Pectore"

The plot centres around Cardinal Benitez, appointed secretly (in pectore) by the late pope, who unexpectedly arrives to vote. In real life, a cardinal kept secret cannot participate until officially announced. Nor do all cardinals make up the electorate of a papal conclave. Only Cardinals under age 80 are eligible to vote. Of the Catholic church’s 252 cardinals, 135 will serve as electors.

The terrorist bombing

The depiction of a terrorist attack blowing out the Sistine Chapel windows is highly improbable and has no historical precedent. Instead, the terrorism act is a plot device, intended to highlight the fraught socio-political background against which the conclave is set, and the importance of electing a pope who can impart the peaceful message of Christ’s teachings rather than promote factionalism and violence. 

Corruption and vote-buying allegations

While intrigue certainly exists in the politicking of a papal conclave, there is no evidence of cardinals ever actually buying votes. Having said that, it is important to stress that while papal elections have determined the leadership of the Vatican for the last two thousand years, recent years have seen radical changes to conventions that shape these elections.

Before the introduction of the Papal Conclave in 1294, cardinal electors could canvas and talk to whomever they wanted, paving the way for a considerable amount of corruption. The Conclave added a degree of formality to proceedings, but its use of the secret ballot only came into effect recently, in the 20th century, during the pontificate of Pope Pius X. 

The intersex Pope

The revelation that Cardinal Benitez, the newly elected pope, is intersex, while thematically powerful and a gripping plot twist, stretches far beyond any known real-world case.

Those looking for historical precedent might point to the papacy of Pope Joan, a legendary female who supposedly reigned, for slightly more than 25 months, under the title of John VIII. Supposedly, Pope Joan reigned between the pontificates of St. Leo IV (847–855) and Benedict III (855–858). However, it has subsequently been proved that a gap of only a few weeks fell between the two papacies, proving that the story is entirely apocryphal.

Hand-coloured woodcut illustration depicting the birth of Pope Joan

Woodcut illustration of Pope Joan giving birth, hand coloured, c. 1474. Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books, and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania

Minor procedural errors

There are also small inaccuracies. For example, the film conflates the role of the Dean of the College of Cardinals with that of the Camerlengo—two distinct offices in Vatican protocol. Yet despite these embellishments, Conclave remains faithful to the real experience: the mystery, the human ambitions, and the immense weight placed on the shoulders of the new pope.

Uncover more Vatican mysteries with Carpe Diem Tours

Carpe Diem Tours offers carefully curated experiences designed to bring the history, rituals, and beauty of Rome and the Vatican to life. 

If you’re visiting Rome for Jubilee 2025, make sure to check out our Vatican Walking Tour, an itinerary that hones in on the attractions in the historic centre most closely associated with the Holy See. Also make sure to check out our award-winning Rome Tours, skip-the-line Colosseum Tours, and authentic Food Tours and Cooking Classes

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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