Did Gladiators Really Fight Rhinos in the Colosseum?

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One of the most iconic scenes in Ridley Scott’s Gladiator II features a gladiator saddled atop a rhinoceros as he rides out onto the Colosseum’s arena sands. Pitted against this gladiator is our hero, Lucius Verus (Paul Mescal), and his not-so-merry band of condemned men.

The bellowing rhino approaches Lucius, blood dripping from its horn. Lucius goads the rhino until it breaks out into a charge, and the rhino slams against into the arena wall, throwing its rider off.

So far-fetched is this scene that even the most casual viewer should be sceptical. Rhinos do not have the temperament to act as steeds. If a gladiator had ever tried to mount one, it would have turned on him and its handlers. We have no evidence that gladiators ever fought rhinos in the Colosseum. But it might surprise you to know that rhinos did in fact feature on the Colosseum arena sands. 

Rhinoceroses really did perish in the Colosseum

We have two types of evidence attesting that rhinos really did appear on the sands of the Colosseum arena. The first is the Liber Spectaculorum (Book of Spectacles) penned by the Roman poet Martial, one of our main authorities for the Colosseum’s inaugural games in 80/81 CE. Two of Martial’s poems (9 and 22) mention a rhino in the Colosseum. Below is the original Latin text with a translation on the right.

IX XXII
Praestitit exhibitus tota tibi, Caesar, harena quae non promisit proelia rhinoceros. O quam terribilis exarsit pronus in iras! Quantus erat taurus, cui pila taurus erat! The rhino provided for you, Caesar, a battle in the arena greater than any that had been promised. O how fiercely it burned with sudden rage! What a bull it was, for which even a bull was a spear!
The first poem doesn’t provide much information apart from the rhino’s participation in Colosseum’s most spectacular event, the grand finale (“a battle greater than any that had been promised”) and its sudden outburst of rage on the arena sands. But the second delves into far more detail.
XXII Poem XXII
Sollicitant pauidi dum rhinocerota magistri seque diu magnae colligit ira ferae, desperabantur promissi proelia Martis; sed tandem rediit cognitus ante furor. Namque grauem cornu gemino sic extulit ursum, iactat ut inpositas taurus in astra pilas: While trembling trainers tried to provoke the rhinoceros, and the great beast gathered its mighty rage, they despaired of seeing the promised battle of Mars. But finally, its familiar fury returned. For with its twin horn, it lifted a heavy bear, and tossed it upward, like a bull throws spears to the sky.

🐻 Fare better than the bear on our Colosseum Arena Tour

Martial is our only source for the Colosseum’s inaugural games. But he is the only author that mentions the presence of rhinos. Another author, Cassius Dio, does not mention rhinoceroses among the 9,000 animals slain in the Colosseum, but he mentions cranes (birds), elephants, domesticated animals, horses, and bulls.

Martial’s account is corroborated by the numismatic evidence (a fancy academic term for coinage). We have a coin type from between 83-85 CE depicting a rhinoceros on the obverse and the emperor’s name, Imperator Domitian Augustus Germanicus, on the reverse. As Oxford professor Llewelyn Morgan has pointed out, the quadrans was the lowest denomination of Roman coin and therefore had the widest distribution. 

Quadrans of the emperor Domitian (83-85 CE) depicting a rhinoceros on the obverse

Quadrans of the emperor Domitian (83-85 CE) depicting a rhinoceros on the obverse

This is the ancient equivalent of minting the rhino on a quarter dollar, 20p, or 20 cent coin, only far more effective since ancient Rome was a cash-based society. The message is clear. Domitian, the emperor who had provided these games, did not want the Roman people to forget the rhinoceros.

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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