Rome’s Elephant and Obelisk: Bernini’s Curious Masterpiece

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If you’ve had the pleasure of going for a stroll around Rome’s Pantheon, you might have come across a charming elephant statue embedded into an Egyptian obelisk. 

Occupying pride of place in Piazza della Minerva, this small but quirky sculpture, designed by the legendary Gian Lorenzo Bernini, has been delighting visitors for centuries, not just for its unusual design but also for the intriguing story behind its creation.

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Bernini’s Elephant and Obelisk with the Pantheon in the background

The Story of Bernini’s Elephant and Obelisk

Today, the statue stands in Piazza della Minerva, a wide open square a stone’s throw from the Pantheon. The square derives its name from the goddess Minerva, the Roman equivalent of Athena, and the goddess of wisdom, justice, law, and military victory through strategy. 

In the first century BCE, the great general Pompey Magnus dedicated a temple to Minerva Calcidica, which is now on exhibit in the Vatican Museums (pictured below). We don’t know much about what the temple looked like as its remains lie deep underground, but we know where it stood, and what stood next to it: two other temples dedicated to Greco-Egyptian deities Isis and Serapis. 

Today, the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (“St Mary above Minerva” in English) runs alongside the square. However, the name is misleading since it was constructed on top of the Temple of Serapis, not the Temple of Minerva. 

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The Church of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva. Contrary to popular belief, it overlies not the Temple of Minerva but the Temple of Isis and Serapis, Greco-Egyptian gods.

The Obelisk’s Ancient Origins

The obelisk you see today stood inside the Temple of Isis and Serapis. It is an authentic piece of ancient Egypt, dating back to the 6th century BCE. Compared to Rome’s other Egyptian obelisks, the monument is pretty recent, dating back only as far as the reign of Pharaoh Apries (589 – 570 BC) who had it erected in the town of Sais, a long-lost city in the Western Nile Delta. 

The obelisk was brought to Rome during the reign of Diocletian (284 – 305 AD) before being set up inside the long-lost Temple of Isis and Serapis. Sometime in the centuries that followed, the obelisk collapsed, and for a long time it lay lost amongst the city’s rubble. 

Then in either 1655 or 1665, its remains were rediscovered in a garden belonging to a Dominican monastery, which had been built on top of the remains of the Temple of Isis and Serapis sometime during the Middle Ages. 

The obelisk was reassembled and re-erected in 1667 atop an elephant plinth designed by none other than the great Gian Lorenzo Bernini. And here is where things get interesting. 

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Shooting a selfie on our Best of Vatican Walking Tour

Bernini’s Playful Genius

Few men were more qualified to balance a five-meter tall granite obelisk on a sculpted marble statue than Gian Lorenzo Bernini. He could already count among his curriculum such masterpieces as Apollo & Daphne and the Rape of Persephone (on display in the Borghese Gallery), the Fountain of the Four Rivers in Piazza Navona, and the Baldachin of St. Peter’s Basilica. There was no question he was the man for the job. 

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Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne sculpture

Bernini’s Baldachin in St Peter’s Basilica

Bernin’s Fountain of the Four Rivers in Piazza Navona

Bernini drew inspiration for his Elephant and Obelisk from several sources. The most direct seems to be the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a bizarre story attributed to Francesco Colonna that tells a kind of erotic fever dream and at one point features an elephant.

Not the kind of thing you’d expect from a Dominican monk.

Then there was Hanno, the pet elephant of Pope Leo X, who is the subject of a sketch by Raphael and is buried somewhere beneath St Peter’s Square. 

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Woodcut from the Hypnertomachia Poliphili, a clear source of inspiration for Bernini’s Elephant and Obelisk statue

Portrait of Hanno by Raphael

Drawing on these sources, and riffing on the artistic zeitgeist of the time in which drawing and sculpting pachyderms was all the rage, Bernini proposed a playful yet powerful concept: a small yet strong elephant that could bear the weight of the red granite obelisk.

A Derriere for the Doubters 

Bernini’s vision was nearly derailed by Father Domenico Paglia, a Dominican friar who had been appointed project supervisor but disapproved of the design. The story goes that Bernini had initially planned to sculpt an elephant that could support the obelisk’s weight with just its four legs. But Father Paglia was unconvinced by Bernini’s design. He persuaded Pope Alexander VII that a solid block needed to be inserted between the elephant’s legs if it were to support the obelisk’s weight. 

Reluctantly, Bernini agreed to modify his design. But not before tweaking it so that he could get his revenge. Bernini positioned the plinth so that the elephant’s backside would face forever towards the Dominican monastery, mooning in the faces of its fraternal doubters. 

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Self-portrait of Bernini, on display in Rome's Borghese Gallery

Rome’s Elephant Statue in Recent Times

Today, the Elephant and Obelisk remains one of the most beloved and whimsical sculptures in Rome. But in 2015, it fell victim to an arbitrary act of vandalism when a piece of its left tusk was broken off. The Elephant Statue has since been restored and retains the same charm it has exhibited for more than 400 years.

Want to Discover More of Rome’s Hidden Gems?

Join one of our expert-led Rome Walking Tours!

Our expert storyteller guides will immerse you in the rich history, artistry, and secrets behind Rome’s most fascinating landmarks, including the legendary Elephant and Obelisk, the Pantheon, Piazza Navona, the Temple of Hadrian and more!

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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