Best Underground Rome Tours in 2025

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Semi-Private Ancient Rome Tour

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People often ask why so much of Rome lies underground, peeking up from beneath the streets. We tell them that it helps to see Rome as a lasagne: with debris-encrusted layers of overlapping archaeological levels. The ancient city belies the medieval. The medieval city belies the modern. And today’s modern metropolis is just the latest in a long line of urban mazes exposed to the elements.

Underground Rome accounts for many of the city’s most famous sites. Some are household names, like the Colosseum Underground and Rome’s Catacombs. Others are barely known (but no less deserving of attention) like the multi-layered Basilica of San Clemente and the City of Water near the Trevi Fountain.

So much remains of the city beneath Rome’s streets that it can be difficult to know where to start. Modern Rome certainly showcases an impressive array of surface ruins, and no visit would be complete without making the obligatory pilgrimage to the Colosseum and the Pantheon. But with the right guide and some insider know-how, you'll find an entire underground realm just waiting to be discovered. A hidden city of subterranean structures, often perfectly preserved by their protective blankets of earth.

That’s why we have written this guide: to help you choose the best tours of underground Rome, telling what there is to see and how to visit.

Colosseum Underground
Mithraeum of San Clemente
Catacombs of Domitilla

Colosseum Underground

Mithraeum of San Clemente

Catacombs of Domitilla

How to see Underground Rome

Many of Rome’s underground sites are open all year, and can be visited by booking tickets and/or tours

The Colosseum Underground is accessible only through booking a guided tour, and because tickets are limited, it’s best to book in advance. You also need a guide to visit the catacombs, as there is the real risk that without one you could lose yourself among their dozens of kilometres of tunnels. But you can visit sites like the Basilica of San Clemente only with a ticket (although it’s always worth booking a tour for the context and the content!)

Underground Rome’s lesser-known sites are open only on special request to the Soprintendenza di Roma. We’ll publish another post about Underground Rome’s lesser-known sites. For now, Carpe Diem has drawn up this list of easily accessible underground Rome sites you can visit through one of our tours!

Best Tours of Underground Rome

Basilica of San Clemente

Spanning more than 2,000 years of history, San Clemente Basilica is the most multi-layered and archaeologically intriguing church in Rome. Today’s basilica dates from the 12th century, and its golden mosaics and array of artworks make it worth visiting in itself. But this basilica is just the tip of the iceberg: for in 1857 excavations beneath the basilica brought to light a further three levels below it, dating as far back as the first century and descending to depths of 60 feet.

What to see in the Basilica San Clemente

Venture beneath the Basilica of San Clemente and you’ll emerge among the beautifully preserved remains of the original fourth-century basilica. This basilica was filled in and used as the foundations of the modern basilica in the 11th century, following the Norman sack of the city.

Today, this archaeological site showcases a wealth of treasures and curiosities, including a fresco preserving one of the earliest examples of Latin’s transition to Italian with the line  “Fili de le pute, traite!” - which translates as “Pull, you son of a bitch!”. Who said Latin wasn't a beautiful language... 😉

One of the earliest Italian inscriptions with the words: “Pull, you son of a bitch!”

One of the earliest Italian inscriptions with the words: “Pull, you son of a bitch!”

Descend even further and you’ll find yourself among the streets of imperial Rome following Nero’s Great Fire in 64 AD. To understand the archaeology of this level requires a guide’s expertise, But put simply this section of underground Rome comprises the remains of a first-century insula (apartment building) and industrial building (perhaps one of the city’s mints), separated by a narrow alleyway. 

In the courtyard of the apartment building is a temple to the Iranian sun god Mithra, identifiable by its sacrificial altar that has become one of the defining images of San Clemente’s underground. This wasn’t the site of the only mithraeum (Temple of Mithra) in Rome though.

You can find one beneath the Circus Maximus, one beneath the Baths of Caracalla, and another among the ruins of Ostia Antica. The Basilica of San Clemente is situated just a five-minute walk from the Colosseum, making it the ideal tour to take in the morning or afternoon if combined with one of our Colosseum tours.

Rome’s Catacombs

Rome’s catacombs date back as early as the 2nd century BC. At least 40 catacombs are believed to run beneath, or around the outskirts of, the modern city, many of which have only recently been discovered.

These catacombs are mostly excavated from the local tuff (or volcanic rock). And while these burial places are predominantly Christian, we also have pagan catacombs and Jewish Catacombs of Vigna Randanini.

Learn more about Rome's Catacombs

The Roman Catacombs: What to See

Several catacombs line Rome's Via Appia. The three most impressive Christian catacombs are those of San Sebastiano, San Callisto, and Domitilla.

The Catacombs of Domitilla are particularly as they are named not after a saint but after Flavia Domitilla, granddaughter of the emperor Vespasian (the man responsible for building the Colosseum) and niece of the emperor Domitian (the man responsible for undoing all of Vespasian's good work).

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Joining Carpe Diem for a catacomb tour means learning how ancient Christian burial rites and rituals were performed in antiquity while exploring the hand-hewn tunnels that once contained the bodies of the ancients. During the course of this tour, you'll visit the tomb of Diogenes, the basilica to saints Achilleo and Nereo (the only basilica housed within a catacomb), and an array of crypts ornated with Pagan and Christian symbols and motifs - including the oldest known fresco of the last supper.

The Vicus Caprarius (City of Water)

Situated a stone’s throw from the Trevi Fountain, and 10 metres below the modern street level, is Rome’s very own waterworld. But you’ll find no Kevin Costner here. Instead, Rome’s City of Water comprises the remains of an ancient imperial house (domus) and castellum aquae (water basin) of the Virgin Aqueduct, which continues to feed the baroque fountain to this day. 

What to see

Visiting the Vicus Caprarius means travelling back 2,000 years in time and witnessing Rome's evolution through the events that shaped the city: from the Great Fire of 64 AD to the sack of the ancient capital by Alaric the Goth. 

The Vicus Caprarius showcases the mastery with which the Romans harnessed water. Taking a tour of the Vicus Caprarius offers insight into how the Romans transformed their city into one of history’s most powerful civilisations and exported engineering expertise that we still draw upon today.

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Colosseum Underground

For almost 450 years between 80 AD and 523 AD, Rome’s Colosseum played host to a gory ensemble of gladiatorial combats, wild-animal hunts, theatrical performances, and public executions. 

The scale of these spectacles was staggering. Spectators were treated to performances involving celebrity gladiators, animals captured from across the Roman Empire, and full-scale scenery winched up on the sands of the arena. At the height of the Colosseum’s popularity, these spectacles were witnessed by between 50,000 and 70,000 spectators. When you consider that London’s Wembley Stadium accommodates 90,000 people, that truly is spectacular. 

To set the stage for the scenes that played out above, the Romans constructed an enormous underground hypogeum beneath the Colosseum’s arena floor. It was from here that the Colosseum’s combatants emerged, from here scenery and props were winched onto the arena sands, and from here wild beasts appeared on the arena sands to devour their prey or flee their hunters. 

Reconstruction-of-the-Colosseum-hypogeum-and-arena-floor
Venationes-at-the-Colosseum

What to see of the Colosseum Underground

The Colosseum Underground (hypogeum) was a ship-shaped structure spanning 525 feet of wooden walkways, animal cages, and ropes and pulleys. The niches in which the cages were kept are still visible, as is a reconstruction of the pulley system used to hoist props and participants onto the arena floor. Most strikingly, the Colosseum Underground has suffered less of the natural attrition that has affected the amphitheatre above, and so its travertine walls still retain their original white colour. 

Following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, the arena and its underground fell into a state of disrepair. It was not until 2018 that experts started renovating the hypogeum in earnest, and not until 2021 that the Colosseum underground completely reopened to the public.

Underground Rome FAQs

Why is ancient Rome underground?

The modern city sits atop the debris and silt of the settlements that came before. As space within Rome’s ancient city walls became a premium, its inhabitants recycled what they had. Buildings levelled by earthquakes and fires were filled in with earth, their compact rubble becoming a future structure’s foundations. Excavate beneath the city today and, between the husks of its buildings, you’ll uncover a mass of organic and inorganic waste that wouldn’t seem out of place in a modern landfill.

How much of Rome is still underground?

It's no exaggeration to say that entire cities lie hidden beneath the Italian capital. If you consider that, by the first century AD, Rome's population exceeded 1 million people and that a fourth-century census claimed that Rome had 40,000 multi-storey apartment buildings (only one of which is visible today) you begin to get an idea of how much lies beneath. Even when Montaigne visited in 1580, he was struck by how little survived of the ancient city, and how its ancient streets were situated 30 feet below those on which he walked.

Explore Rome with Carpe Diem!

A Carpe Diem tour is the best way to experience the Eternal City. Perfected over years of experience, our tours are tried, tested, and trusted on TripAdvisor, which is why we rank among the top 1% of tour operators in Rome. We always include skip-the-line tickets to the Colosseum and Vatican (because why should you waste valuable time standing in line?). Most importantly, all our Rome tours are led by fluent professional guides who are happy to recommend how to make the most of your time in Italy!

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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