The Arch of Titus: Rome’s Most Controversial Monument of Conquest

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Of the three triumphal arches still standing in Rome, the Arch of Titus is by far the most fascinating. For the Romans, it symbolised their imperial power, imposing, imperious, and set in stone for all eternity. For the Jews, however, whose subjugation it was built to commemorate, it has served until recently as a haunting reminder of devastation. 

This article uncovers the story behind the Arch of Titus, explaining its origins, decoding the controversial imagery that adorns its friezes, and introducing the emperor after whom it was named.

What is the Arch of Titus?

The Arch of Titus commemorates the military victories of the emperor Titus, especially his brutal suppression of the Jewish Revolt in 70 CE. Sometimes known as the First Jewish-Roman War, this conflict cost the lives of millions of Jews and culminated in the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, one of the most cataclysmic events in Jewish history. 

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David Roberts, The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70 (1850)

The arch stands at the entrance to the Roman Forum and straddles the Via Sacra (Sacred Way along which victorious generals paraded during their triumphal processions. In fact, the scenes it depicts on its inner friezes (which we’ll cover in more detail shortly) portray a historical triumphal procession in 71 CE, with Titus riding in the chariot to the adulation of the masses.

Architecturally, the Arch of Titus is a single-bay structure that stands 15.4 meters high (50 feet). It is crafted from Pentelic marble, the same luminous white stone used for the Parthenon in Athens. Its elegantly proportioned design, adorned with richly detailed reliefs, set the standard for future triumphal arches across the empire and has influenced subsequent post-classical architecture, from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris to the Washington Square Arch in New York.

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The Arch of Titus (left) has influenced many subsequent examples of triumphal architecture, especially the Washington Square Arch (right).

Today, the Arch of Titus is one of the best-preserved structures of ancient Rome, attracting history buffs, archaeologists, and casual tourists alike. If you’re visiting the Colosseum and the Roman Forum, a stop at the Arch of Titus is essential to grasp the full extent of Roman imperial ambition.

When Was the Arch of Titus Built?

The arch was commissioned in 81 CE by Titus’ younger brother and successor, Domitian. Titus had passed away earlier that year. Roman sources say that he died from a fever. But according to a far more gruesome (and wholly implausible) Jewish legend, Titus met a much nastier end, slowly succumbing to madness after a gnat flew into his nose and gnawed away at his brain. (This legend also retains that Titus converted to Judaism before the end and tried to repent for razing Jerusalem to the ground).

As with many Roman triumphal monuments, the Arch of Titus served both as propaganda and family legacy-building. Lacking the military credentials of his brother, Domitian was eager to link himself to his revered brother and their father, emperor Vespasian, founder of the Flavian dynasty and the victor in a civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors

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Roman denarius of Titus (c. 79 AD) commemorating his triumph in the Judaean Wars, depicting a Jewish captive kneeling before a trophy of arms. Image Credit: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.

The Roman biographer Suetonius records that Domitian had a habit of glorifying his family’s achievements, describing him as a ruler who "was extremely sensitive to any slight against his family name". The Arch of Titus was, in effect, Domitian’s way of securing his own claim to greatness by honouring the military exploits of his older brother. 

What better way of doing this than by building a monumental military monument that all future conquering generals would have to pass through during their own crowning moments. 

Who Built the Arch of Titus?

While Domitian was responsible for ordering the arch’s construction, the actual architects remain a subject of debate. The leading theory is that the design was overseen by Rabirius, the architect credited with designing Domitian’s Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill. The refined craftsmanship and classical proportions suggest the hand of a master.

However, a more intriguing – indeed disturbing – question is who physically built it. Ancient Roman monuments were typically fruit of the labour of a mix of free artisans, slaves, and captured prisoners of war. Ironically, it is likely that Jewish slaves and survivors from the sacking of Jerusalem were forced to build the very monument that revelled in their defeat.

Visit the Arch of Titus, Colosseum & Palatine Hill on our small-group tour!

What is Depicted on the Arch of Titus?

The relief panels inside the arch depict two crucial moments from Titus’s triumph in 71 CE, when the emperor paraded through Rome following his victory over the Jewish rebels.

The Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem

The south inner panel (on your left when facing the Roman Forum) depicts Roman legionaries carrying sacred treasures looted from Jerusalem's Second Temple. The seven-branched golden Menorah is the most recognisable, along with the silver trumpets and the Table of the Showbread. All were likely stored in the rather unfortunately-named Temple of Peace. All have also since been lost to the mists of time — though not without inspiring the odd crackpot theory about the Menorah and other Jewish treasures being stored in secret vaults in the Vatican. 

So significant was the Menorah as depicted on the Arch of Titus that it became the official symbol of the modern State of Israel when the State was recognised.

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Parading of the Second Temple’s treasures on the Arch of Titus

The Triumphal Procession

On the north inner panel, Titus is depicted riding a four-horse chariot, crowned with a laurel wreath by Victoria (Nike), the Roman goddess of victory. Behind him, Roman soldiers march in a triumphal procession, further reinforcing the propaganda of divine and imperial favour.

This relief provides plenty of the visual information we have regarding the appearance of a Roman triumph. 

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Depiction of Winged Victory (Nike) on the Arch of Titus

The Apotheosis of Titus

A relief at the top of the arch depicts Titus being carried to the heavens by an eagle. Being borne on the back of an eagle might sound a bit Lord of the Ringsy, but ancient viewers would have understood its meaning clearly. 

It symbolises Titus' deification, the process by which a dead emperor was proclaimed a god, pretty common practice by this time for “good” emperors who had gone out on good terms, like Augustus, Claudius, and Vespasian. 

“Bad” emperors, on the other hand, like Caligula, Nero and later Domitian, tended to be subjected to damnatio memoriae or the total eradication of any trace of their existence. 

Why Did the Romans Build Arches?

The Romans were big into monumentalisation – i.e. setting things in stone – be they stone tables into which laws were inscribed or monuments built to last forever. In the case of the Arch of Titus, the emperor to glorify this victory, ensuring Titus’s name and deeds would be etched into the eternal memory of Rome.

The Arch of Titus in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, many ancient Roman monuments were fortified by feuding noble families. The Arch of Titus was no exception, falling under the ownership of the powerful Frangipane family, who also converted the nearby Colosseum into a fortress. 

The Arch of Titus & Rome’s Jewish Community

For nearly two thousand years, the Arch of Titus served as a particularly painful reminder for Rome’s Jewish community. According to historical accounts, Rome’s authorities forced the city’s Jews to recite an oath to Christianity and the city beneath the arch, a further act of humiliation following the destruction of Jerusalem.

Because of this, many Jews in Rome historically refused to walk beneath the arch as a sign of mourning and defiance. Only since the foundation of the modern State of Israel in 1948 have Jewish visitors and dignitaries deemed it acceptable to pass beneath the arch.

Ready to See the Arch of Titus with an Expert?

Join our Colosseum, Roman Forum & Palatine Hill Tour for an in-depth exploration of Rome’s imperial past. All our tours include timed entry tickets, meaning you waste no time standing in line, and are led by fluent licensed guides who specialise in storytelling.  

Seize the day by upgrading your experience to a Colosseum Arena Tour, and follow in the footsteps of gladiators and emperors. 

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Alexander Meddings
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Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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